Tuesday, November 22, 2011 - 5:51 PM

My post "Defining genocide" has provoked some sharp reaction from portions of the Bosnian Muslim community in the United States. The Congress of North American Bosniaks has written to the Committee on Conscience of the U.S. Holocaust Memorial Museum-which is sponsoring my project-to denounce my comments as "outrageous" and "appalling" and demand that the post be removed from the museum website. They accuse me of "questioning genocide," much as "Holocaust deniers" question the Holocaust. You can read their letter in full here.
While I respect the opinions of my critics, and their right to disagree with anything I have written, I would invite them to read my posts about Srebrenica again. Far from questioning the crimes committed by Bosnian Serb forces under Ratko Mladic, I have described the series of atrocities in painful detail. I have written extensively about the cold-blooded executions of around 8,000 Muslim men and boys in July 1945, and the forcible expulsions of the remaining Muslim population of Srebrenica.
As I wrote in my post, genocide is the most horrific of crimes, conjuring up images of the Holocaust. We should be wary about using such terminology, without first making clear the precise legal grounds for the accusation. My post was an attempt to explain exactly what "genocide" means, in legal and criminal terms, as defined by the 1948 United Nations Convention on Genocide.
One of the reasons why genocide is difficult to prove in legal terms is that it revolves around the question of intent. In the words of the 2001 judgment in the case of Radovan Krstic, a senior Bosnian Serb general under Mladic, "It is not necessary to intend to achieve the complete annihilation of a group from every corner of the globe. Nonetheless the crime of genocide by its very nature requires the intention to destroy at least a substantial part of a particular group." Defining terms such as "intent" and "substantial part" can become extremely complicated.
The proper place to decide such questions is the courts. While I do not agree with all the opinions handed down by the Yugoslav War Crimes Tribunal, I agree with the conclusion of the judges that the Srebrenica massacre met the legal definition of "genocide," as defined by the United Nations Convention. I thought I made this clear in my original post. If that was unclear, I am happy to set the record straight.
Distinguishing Genocide from Massacre
Thank you for responding to the criticism and stating that you recognize the Srebrenica genocide. I'm always curious why you and others utilize the word "massacre" when referring to the genocide committed by Serb forces against Bosnian civilians in Srebrenica.
The word massacre denotes a large and brutal killing of defenseless people. When the Norwegian gunman killed almost 90 people that was a massacre, when a suicide bomber sets of a car bomb and kills hundreds of civilians that's a massacre, when a rocket is fired into a residential building and many civilians get killed then that's a massacre and the list goes on and on. There was the infamous "Valentine's Day Massacre" in which some of Al Capone's opponents were brutally killed. The conflict in Bosnia-Herzegovina, and conflicts in general, contain dozens if not hundreds of gruesome massacres. WWII contained countless massacres committed mostly by the fascist Axis powers but also some committed by the Allies - the Katyn massacre comes to mind. The conflict in Congo has had hundreds of massacres take place. As can be seen throughout history and ,unfortunately, in the present there are many many massacres that have been committed and that are committed daily around the world.
The crime of genocide is a very specific and precisely defined international crime in which a people are systematically murdered due to their ethnicity, race, religion, or nationality with the perpetrators having an intent to exterminate them in whole or in part. Fortunately, genocides have been a rare occurrence in world history though they have been very deadly. Since genocide has been defined as an international crime and it's prevention and punishment made into international law there have been only a handful of legally established and established cases of genocide, the genocide that was perpetrated by Serb troops in Srebrenica being one of them.
So my question to you Mr. Dobbs is the following: If the war crimes committed in Srebrenica have been irrefutably proven to have constituted a genocide and have legally been proclaimed a genocide by international courts (ICTY and ICJ) then why do you and others use the word "massacre" to describe the genocide in Srebrenica? Clearly not every massacre is a genocide and worse yet you and others seldom if ever mention that genocide took place. I would see countess articles stating "Srebrenica massacre" that nowhere mention the word genocide - in effect these articles are implicitly saying that no genocide was committed and that the crimes committed were a mere massacre (even the fact that many different massacres were committed in different locations and on different days is ignored). Laypeople could be excused for making such mistakes now and then but professional journalists and published scholars, such as yourself, really should take the precise wording into account. One would expect that a professional scholar and researcher would never confuse the word genocide for massacre or vice versa.
I'm sorry if it appears harsh but beyond a criticism this is a question that needs to be brought up and discussed in the media and among scholars as to why the Srebrenica genocide (or genocide in Srebrenica whichever way you prefer) has been almost exclusively referred to as having been merely a "massacre" of thousands of defenseless civilians. Thank you.
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Clarifcation needed, appreciated
It wasn't just among the Bosnian American Community or in North America that your meaning was misunderstood. I suggest you reread your words again. You did not deny genocide out and out. What you did do was to juxtapose your doubts about the appropriateness of the term with your apparent disagreement over the use of the term with a woman who is not merely "a survivor of Srebrenica" but an intelligent, perceptive, experienced and above all determined campaigner for the justice that continues so often to be denied to survivors through the misuse of terminology.
Your references to the use of the word "massacre" gave no real indication that you understood the political hinterland of the way the word is used as a halfway house for denial - the denial of intent and responsibility that has followed recognition that denial of fact is no longer tenable. Or the political significance for Bosnia's future of a word that consolidates the ggrasp on power of the successors of the perpetrators.
Your detached perusal of the Genocide Convention and the ICTY's Krstic finding concluded with the overturning of Krstic's conviction on grounds of genocide, leaving your reader perhaps puzzled that apparently the only person to be found guilty of genocide had then turned out not to be guilty. You failed to make your point. A mention reference to the resoundingly conclusive Beara et al. findings would not only have resolved the issue of your stance it would have provided you with a useful link to your observations concerning Stephan Karganovic, which rather belatedly confirm your good faith.
However while you acknowledge that the defence strategy now for the Mladic and Karadzic trials has turned once again to focus on denial of the mass murder, as the political and military commanders seek to avoid responsibility for genocide, you ask for by far the largest group of victims, preponderately the Bosniak civilians, including Hatidza Mehmedovic presumably, to abandon their pursuit of recognition for the fact of crime (still the fact of the events, not even responsibility or blame for them). You urge them to observe "the highest form of civic duty" by focusing on the (real but far less enormous) crimes of their defenders while turning the other cheek to those whose aggression, atrocities, impunity and intransigence have ensured that genocide paid its way.
The implication the reader might be forgiven for drawing is that you hope that somehow if the Bosniaks reproached Naser Oric for his actions in defending the starved survivors of the 1992 Drina Valley genocide, the Bosnian Serb nationalists might decide to reconsider their defence of stalwarts of RS administration, economy. police and judiciary, responsible - like Milan Lukic's controllers - for securing them their territory and political future.
Your clarification here is welcome, but reading it (and having written your previous posts) I sense little conviction that you feel or understand why it was necessary.
Sorry, that last paragraph should have read "(and having read what you have written in your previous posts)"
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Türkiye'nin En büyük Katlan?r cam balkon Fabrikas? Kaliteli ve Garantili Ekonomik Sistemler, Cam balkon, Katlan?r Cam, Teras Kapatma, K?? bahcesi
Ratko Mladic has been described as "one of those lethal combinations that history thrusts up occasionally-a charismatic murderer." What drove the Bosnian Serb military commander to order Europe's deadliest massacre since World War II? Could it have been prevented? Michael Dobbs, a U.S. Holocaust Memorial Museum fellow, investigates.
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